Opening the floodgates? Modelling spillovers from flood insurance protection gaps to UK mortgages

Will Banks and Kemal Erçevik

When extreme weather hits, households typically turn to insurers to cushion the financial blow. But rising temperatures and greater exposure in high-risk areas could test the insurance sector’s capacity to absorb such losses. As the Financial Policy Committee has highlighted, climate change could create insurance protection gaps, leaving households vulnerable and shifting risks across the financial system. We have built a model to estimate potential protection gaps, finding that – under conservative assumptions – the share of UK mortgagors uninsured could increase from 5% today to around 7%–10% in 2050, or up to 16% following a severe flood event. While this would have substantial welfare implications, our model suggests the aggregate impact on lenders would be small compared to previous financial crises.

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Tracking the price of carbon: price substitution effects across energy markets

Dooho Shin and Rebecca Mari

The Bank of England Agenda for Research (BEAR) sets the key areas for new research at the Bank over the coming years. This post is an example of issues considered under the Financial System Theme which focuses on the shifting landscape and new risks confronting financial policymakers.

Carbon pricing has emerged as one of the main mitigation measures adopted around the world to fight climate change. In the UK and EU, increases in carbon prices in the Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS) work as an incentive to substitute away from emissions-intensive activities and sources of power. Such increases can be a result of direct government policies, but as we explain in this post, changes in carbon prices appear to be also endogenously linked to developments in energy markets. An understanding of the possible transmission channels underlying the relationship between the two is important to assess how climate-related risks are linked to broader macroeconomic developments and thus monetary and financial stability.

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Back to the Future IV: challenges for financial stability policy in the next decade

Alina Barnett, Sinem Hacioglu Hoke and Simon Lloyd

Since 2007, macroprudential policymakers have grappled with a broad set of vulnerabilities. While regulators cannot be sure what risks the next decade will feature, they can be sure that the set of issues will continuously evolve. In this post, we explore three timely challenges that financial stability policymakers are likely to face in the coming years, including risks associated with: non-bank financial intermediation, cryptoassets and decentralised finance (DeFi), and climate change. These challenges have been noted by many, and are already stimulating development of macroprudential frameworks. But while some of this development can build on well-grounded principles for financial stability policy, other aspects are likely to come up against three timeless challenges, requiring novel and innovative thinking to overcome.

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How do lenders adjust their property valuations after extreme weather events?

Nicola Garbarino and Benjamin Guin

Policymakers have put forward proposals to ensure that banks do not underestimate long-term risks from climate change. To examine how lenders account for extreme weather, we compare matched repeat mortgage and property transactions around a severe flood event in England in 2013-14. We find that lender valuations do not ‘mark-to-market’ against local price declines. As a result valuations are biased upwards. We also show that lenders do not offset this valuation bias by adjusting interest rates or loan amounts. Overall, these results suggest that lenders do not track closely the impact of extreme weather ex-post.

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